Vishwam Sankaran wrote this article in The Independent:

Although air quality in Europe has become better in recent years, with fewer negative health impacts, more than 300,000 people still died prematurely due to exposure to fine particulate matter pollution in the European Union in 2019, according to a new report.

The analysis, published by the European Environment Agency (EEA), noted that at least 58 per cent of these deaths, or about 178,000, could have been avoided if all European Union Member States had reached the WHO's air quality guideline level of 5 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m3).

The guideline reflects the atmospheric concentration of ultrasmall particles, those with size less than 2.5 microns, above which adverse health effects are known to occur.

In 2019, more than 53,500 premature deaths in Germany were caused by fine particulate matter pollution, the report said. This was followed by 49,900 deaths in Italy, 29,800 in France and 23,300 in Spain.

The highest number of such deaths per head of population, it said, was in Poland, where more than 39,300 people died.

Other than fine particulate matter, the analysis also found that more than 40,400 premature deaths were due to chronic nitrogen dioxide exposure, and about 16,800 such deaths were caused by acute ozone exposure.

"Investing in cleaner heating, mobility, agriculture and industry delivers better health, productivity and quality of life for all Europeans and especially for the most vulnerable," Hans Bruyninckx, EEA executive director, said in a statement. "These investments save lives and also help accelerate progress towards carbon neutrality and strong biodiversity."

Earlier studies have shown that air pollution is the single largest environmental health threat in Europe, leading to over a million premature deaths in the 1990s, causing heart diseases, stroke, lung disease and cancer.

With directives enforcing favourable improvement in air quality across the continent, the number of such premature deaths were more than halved to about 450,000 by 2005.

However, the new EEA report said that the recently established new global air quality guidelines by the WHO and the EU Zero Pollution Action Plan can help further reduce the number of premature deaths due to air pollution.

The analysis, published ahead of the EU Clean Air Forum this week, noted that the number of premature deaths due to exposure to fine particulate matter can be reduced by about 55 per cent by 2030, as compared to 2005.

"Compared to 2005, in 2019, premature deaths attributed to exposure to fine particulate matter decreased by 33 per cent in the EU-27. If this rate of reducing premature deaths is maintained going forward, then the EU is expected to reach the Zero Pollution Action Plan target," the report noted.

The EU Clean Air Forum, slated to take place on 18 and 19 November, would bring together decision-makers, stakeholders and experts to reflect on the development and implementation of effective European, national and local air policies, projects and programmes - and to talk about the ongoing revision of EU rules, including their closer alignment with the WHO air quality guidelines.

"Even with improvements in air quality over the past years in our region, we still have a long way to go to achieve the levels in the new WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines," WHO regional director for Europe, Hans Henri P Kluge, said in a statement.

"To breathe clean air should be a fundamental human right. It is a necessary condition for healthy and productive societies," Dr Kluge added.